responses to education and find evidence for substantial heterogeneity in unobserved variables on which agents make choices. The … estimated treatment effects of education are decomposed into the direct benefits of attaining a given level of schooling and … estimated treatment effects. While the estimated causal effects of education are substantial for most outcomes, we also estimate …

This paper estimates returns to education using a dynamic model of educational choice that synthesizes approaches in … differentials. For some, there are substantial causal effects of education at all stages of schooling. …

that men in postwar marriages were better off in terms of their spouse's education, this gain amounting to about half a … year of education. By considering heterogeneity across provinces, we find that the effects were more pronounced in more …