earnings in urban China than in urban Russia. This is consistent with the facts that the normal retirement age is strictly …The incidence of working for earnings beyond the normal pension age of 55 for females and 60 for males in urban China …, the probability of working after normal retirement age is positively related to living with a spouse only, being healthy …

developing countries, China can be characterized as having two retirement systems: a formal system, under which urban employees …. -- retirement ; population aging ; labor supply ; pensions ; China ; Indonesia ; Korea …This paper highlights the employment patterns of China’s over 45 population and, for perspective, places them in the …

retirement spells has been steadily increasing. We estimate the response of retirement timing to variations in unemployment rate …, inflation and housing prices. Flows into both full and partial retirement increase significantly when the unemployment rate … rises. Workers around normal retirement age are especially sensitive to variations in the unemployment rate. Workers who are …

driven exits to retirement, in particular the early exits. …

structure, and retirement. Our results reveal substantial heterogeneity on labor market effects and life decisions in response …

It is a challenge for politics that an aging population leads to demands that the retirement age is increasing while … the labour market. However, the regulations have become more restrictive in the last decade and early retirement usually … leads to a lower pension. In this article, we map options for early retirement in other countries. We have found five main …