that unions were engaged in concession bargaining. Overall, our results challenge the common view that trade unions in the …

This paper presents an alternative implementation of firm-level collective wage bargaining, where bargaining proceeds … equilibrium is equivalent to the efficient bargaining outcome. In a dynamic framework with search frictions, we demonstrate that … gradual collective wage bargaining coincides with all-or-nothing bargaining when bargaining takes place in fictitious time …

and the level at which collective bargaining is conducted. Attention is also paid to the quality of industrial relations …. There is also some indication that collective bargaining at levels higher than the company can exacerbate strike activity … but this effect does not persist, possibly because of decentralization and the development of hybrid bargaining structures …