education in China appear to be zero. We estimate an instrumental variables fixed effects model where share of college graduates … is instrumented by the number of universities with special status and find positive external returns to education of … rural, men, and low-educated workers. This finding provides the motivation for increasing education investment in rural …

-term externalities of binge drinking. We find that these externalities are on average £4.9 billion per year ($7 billion), about £80 for …

externalities. Using instrumental variables based on changing wind directions, we show increased levels of contemporaneous pollution …