This paper studies the relationship between immigration and offshoring by examining whether an influx of foreign … of immigrants into a municipality reduces firm-level offshoring at both the extensive and intensive margins. The fact … that immigration and offshoring are substitutes has important policy implications, since restrictions on one may encourage …

factor. Offshoring jobs abroad may change the composition of domestic firms and employment and thus reduce union density … workers and firms in Denmark (1999-2017), which allows us to measure the exogenous threat of offshoring at the firm-level and … the unionization decisions of individual workers. The findings show that the threat of offshoring reduces unionization …