The unemployment rate in Estonia rose sharply in 2010 to one of the highest levels in the EU, after the country entered a severe recession in 2008. While the rate declined relatively rapidly in 2011, it remained high especially for the less educated. In 2009, the Employment Contract Law relaxed...

Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia face challenges competing on the global markets, as shown by their relatively low and stagnant export shares. The limited export competitiveness has hampered external demand, growth and employment. Applying, for the first time to North Africa, the stock-flow approach...

This paper develops a model of costly firm creation in an economy with weak institutions, costly business environment as well as skill gaps where one of the equilibrium outcomes is a low-productivity trap. The paper tests the implications of the model using a cross-sectional dataset including...

This paper investigates the equilibrium exchange rates of three Southeastern European countries, namely Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania, of two CIS economies, namely Russia and Ukraine, and of Turkey. A systematic approach in terms of different time horizons at which the equilibrium exchange rate...

This paper analyzes the equilibrium level of private credit to GDP in 11 Central and Eastern European countries on the basis of a number of dynamic panels containing quarterly data on Central and Eastern European economies, emerging markets and developed OECD countries. In doing so, we propose a...

This paper investigates the equilibrium exchange rates of three Southeastern European countries, namely Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania, of two CIS economies, namely Russia and Ukraine, and of Turkey. A systematic approach in terms of different time horizons at which the equilibrium exchange rate...

In this study, we seek to better understand the interest rate pass-through in fi ve Central and Eastern European countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, the CEE-5 – and compare it with the pass-through in selected euro area countries – Austria, Germany and...