This paper empirically investigates the relationship between corruption and the emigration of those with high, medium … and low levels of educational attainment. The empirical results indicate that as corruption increases the emigration rate … levels of educational attainment, however, increases at initial levels of corruption and then decreases beyond a certain …

This paper analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa. We hypothesize that corruption … that the shadow economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. We … also find that stricter regulations increase both corruption and the shadow economy. -- corruption ; shadow economy …

The relationship between corruption and the shadow economy is not clear. Theoretically, they either substitute or … two latent variables - extracts information on various dimensions of corruption and the shadow economy to contribute to … corruption. The results show that the shadow economy influences corruption more than corruption influences the shadow economy …

This paper analyses how tax morale and countries' institutional quality affect the shadow economy, controlling in a … factors to understand the level and changes of shadow economy. Relatively new available data sources offer the unique … that a higher tax morale and a higher institutional quality lead to a smaller shadow economy. …

This paper analyses how governance or institutional quality and tax morale affect the shadow economy, using an … factors to understand the level and changes of shadow economy. However, the limited number of investigations use cross … support that its increase leads to a smaller shadow economy. Moreover, an increase in tax morale reduces the size of the …

negative impact on official GDP growth, however, a positive impact of corruption on the size of the shadow economy can be found …, i.e. the bigger the corruption, the larger is the shadow economy. … shadow economy (in % of GDP) over 1989-93 in developing countries is 39.2%, in transition countries 23.2% and in OECD …

, however, is that there seem to be certain "threshold" levels of financial and institutional development that an economy needs …

economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. Finally, the various …"Estimations of the size and development of the shadow economy for 145 countries, including developing, transition and … highly developed OECD economies over the period 1999 to 2003 are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a …

have sufficient financial means. Third, some remarks are made about the negative effects of terror on the economy in highly …