promoted than women without children; this is what we refer to as the family gap in climbing the career. We find that mothers … tend to enter on lower ranks than non-mothers. 37 percent of the gap can be explained by rank fixed effects and human …

mothers and fathers. The Australian 2009 Fair Work Act explicitly entitled parents of young children to request a (reasonable … mothers to reduce their weekly working hours without renouncing their permanent contract, hence maintaining a regular schedule …. Second, with this work arrangement, working mothers' child penalty declined from a 47 percent drop in hours worked to a 38 …

maternal age has an overall detrimental effect on offspring health and cognition. We show that children born to early mothers … effects suggests that children and in particular girls born to very young mothers are worst off. The transmission channel … policies assisting children born to early mothers and preventive policies tackling early pregnancy. …