outsourcing and the lowest in foreign vertical integration. We find that robot adopters fragment their production further by … probability of adoption intensifies the effects on outsourcing and weakens the effects on vertical integration. In contrast to …

offshoring on the labor market can substantially deviate from standard neoclassical conclusions when search frictions hinder … exploiting offshoring. It implies that automation (offshoring) may reduce (raise) employment by lengthening (shortening …

factor. Offshoring jobs abroad may change the composition of domestic firms and employment and thus reduce union density … workers and firms in Denmark (1999-2017), which allows us to measure the exogenous threat of offshoring at the firm-level and … the unionization decisions of individual workers. The findings show that the threat of offshoring reduces unionization …

multinationals, are less likely to rely on imported or internally provided services. -- International trade ; services ; off-shoring …