The economic effects of federalism are unclear: some papers find that federalism has strong positive effects on a … for federalism used. In this paper, we critically survey the existing indicators for both federalism and fiscal … decentralization. We argue that federalism is a constitutional institution whereas decentralization is (the outcome of) a policy choice …

induces some students to drop out of school. The GED program is unique to the United States and Canada, but provides policy …