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We use the repeated random assignment of external examiners to school institutes in Italy to investigate whether the effect of external monitoring on test score manipulation persists over time. We find that this effect is still present in the tests taken one year after exposure to the examiners,...
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Identification of the strength of human capital externalities at the aggregate level is still not fully understood. The … existing method may yield positive or negative externalities even if wages reflect marginal social products. We propose an … approach that yields positive average human capital externalities if and only if the marginal social product of workers with …
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This paper examines the reflexive interplay between individual decisions and social forces to analyze the evolution of cooperation in the presence of "multi-directedness," whereby people's preferences depend on their psychological motives. People have access to multiple, discrete motives....
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