in-kind transfers from their children to a value of between 22% and 86% of what the child receives in EMA. This means we …

In low-income communities in both rich and poor countries, redistributive transfers within kin and social networks are … that across countries, from Cote d'Ivoire to the United States, social groups that undertake more interpersonal transfers … transfers do not decline, indicating no loss in redistribution. Our estimates imply a 9-14% social tax rate. The welfare …