at least six years and can explain at least 5% of the overall male crime rate. Domestic violence within the family also … increase in fathers' crime stands in sharp contrast with previous evidence from developed countries, where childbirth is …, we provide novel evidence that access to maternity benefits largely offsets the increase in crime by fathers after …

1986 and 1998, we find strong evidence that gang crime rates in the neighbourhood at assignment increase the probability of … boys to commit crimes before the age of 19, and that gang crime (but not other crime) increases the likelihood of teenage … motherhood for girls. Higher levels of gang crime also have detrimental and long-lasting effects, with men experiencing …