between mothers and similar women with no children. Mothers send 12.2% fewer job applications and are more selective regarding …Why do women experience a persistent drop in labor earnings upon becoming mothers, i.e. a "child penalty"? We study a … applications are sent and highlight differences in the timing of job search. We find that mothers' rate of applications decreases …

children on the labor market earnings of women and men (often referred to as child penalties). We measure long-run child …, and even turns into a child premium after 15 years, offsetting the initial setbacks experienced when children are young …. Our findings therefore challenge the widely held view that children are the primary drivers behind the long-run gender gap …

costs of having a child. A decomposition of earnings gaps between mothers of one child and mothers of two children also … over 70,000 individuals in the Synthetic SIPP Beta to examine the earnings gap between mothers and non-mothers over the … lifecycle and between cohorts. We observe women who never have children beginning to out earn women who will have children …

of Covid on the trifecta of being female, lower-skilled and facing a motherhood penalty from school-age children. We use … lower-skilled occupation and with school-age children is associated with lower employment, hours worked and wages in normal …

heterogeneity. The analysis of the mothers and childless women's earnings trajectories over time reveals that "mothers to be …, this earnings' advantage gets seriously hit right after birth, and it is not until nine years later that mothers' earnings … earnings' dip is driven by mothers working in the primary labor market (with permanent contracts). For these women, much of the …

that temporal flexibility has a U-shaped relationship with the wage rates of both fathers and mothers, and that temporal …

We explore the impact of successful job search after childbirth on mothers' labor market careers. Using a bounding … new employer after childbirth leads to an increase in re-employment earnings only for mothers at the upper part of the … earnings distribution. For these mothers, initial job search also increases long-term earnings. We provide evidence that …

confirm that there is clear evidence of a wage penalty for Spanish working women with children. Specifically, the fact that … one child living in the household means a significant loss in wages of 6%, having two children, almost 14%, and having … three or more, more than 15%. -- Fixed-effects estimation ; motherhood wage penalty ; Spain …