confirmed the importance of start-up capital for sales. Women entrepreneurs have smaller start-up capital and are less likely to …, business training is positively associated with sales performance of men entrepreneurs, but has no effect on women. However …, this does not call for abolishing training programs for women entrepreneurs. Instead their design and targeting should be …

genders with higher start-up capital record better sales performance than those with smaller amounts of capital. For women … countries, women entrepreneurs in Swaziland have smaller start-up capital and are less likely to fund it from formal sources … than men. Among women entrepreneurs, those with college education and confident in their skills tend to start their firms …

literacy training directly benefits men, it does not raise the sales level of women entrepreneurs. Instead, tertiary education … has a direct positive link with the performance of women. Consistent with our theoretical model where different skills are … that women entrepreneurs who are tenacious achieve stronger sales performance. Our results underscore the importance of …

Limited access to finance is one of the major barriers for women entrepreneurs in Africa. This paper presents a model … economies would benefit from removing obstacles to women's land tenure and enabling financial institutions to lend against …

This paper analyzes the occupational status and distribution of free women in the antebellum United States. It … among women by nativity, urbanization, and region of the country. While foreign-born and illiterate women were more likely … greater the slave-intensity of the county, the less likely were free women to report having an occupation, particularly as …

Estimated labor force participation rates among free women in the pre-Civil War period were exceedingly low. This is … due, in part, to cultural or societal expectations of the role of women and the lack of thorough enumeration by Census … takers. This paper develops an augmented labor force participation rate for free women in 1860 and compares it with the …

Rates of labor force participation in the US in the second half of the nineteenth century among free women were … exceedingly (and implausibly) low, about 11 percent. This is due, in part, to social perceptions of working women, cultural and … an augmented free female labor force participation rate for 1860. It is calculated by identifying free women (age 16 and …