discuss evidence on these questions for Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Portugal, Spain and the United …

, Canada, Australia, the UK, Germany, Israel and Spain. …

female labour market participation, which is in turn related to fertility reduction. Lastly we find that more rapid urban … growth accelerates fertility decline, but, in late 19th century Britain it slowed the reduction of infant mortality …. -- fertility ; infant mortality ; education and sanitary reform ; women's participation ; education ; 19th century and early 20th …

to gather individual-level data covering all relevant countries, namely the exodus of Ecuadorians to Spain and the US in …, even in an episode in which Ecuadorians mostly chose Spain where earnings were lower than in the US, and they contribute to …

We estimate calories available to workers' households in the USA, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany in 1890/1. We … estimate that households in the USA, on average, had about five hundred daily calories per equivalent adult more than their … French and German counterparts, with Belgian and British workers closer to the USA levels. We ask if that energy bonus gave …

marginal value of being an entrepreneur as a function of wealth. Countries with high start-up costs such as Italy, Spain and …