pressure for tougher immigration policies, governments have been constrained by the composition of immigration and by EU …

applications have been met with ever-tougher policies to deter them. Following a period of policy harmonisation, the EU has reached …, even from the point of view of EU citizens. Using an economic framework, it examines scenarios with different degrees of … policy harmonisation and integration among EU countries. Finally, it argues that there is an important role for enhanced …

controversial issue. From the early 2000s the EU introduced a series of directives to prevent a race to the bottom in asylum … 2003 to 2017. The outcomes of the EU directives have been mixed, but taken together they are associated with increased … after accounting origin country composition and for differences in the adoption of EU directives. Some of this may be …