Audit studies testing for discrimination have been criticized because applicants from different groups may not appear … unobservable determinants of productivity can still generate spurious evidence of discrimination in either direction. This paper … shows how to recover an unbiased estimate of discrimination when the correspondence study includes variation in applicant …

extensively, and have generated a long history in labor economics research of empirical tests for labor market discrimination. The … most widely-used approach to test for labor market discrimination is based on wage regressions estimated at the level of … individual workers, with the estimate of discrimination inferred from the residual race, sex, or ethnic group differential in …

discrimination in hiring, exploiting the text of job ads and differences in callbacks to older and younger job applicants from a … age discrimination in hiring. The methods we develop provide a framework for applied researchers analyzing textual data … related to stereotypes of older workers sometimes predicts discrimination against older workers. For men, our evidence points …

"Audit studies testing for discrimination have been criticized because applicants from different groups may not appear … unobservable determinants of productivity can still generate spurious evidence of discrimination in either direction. This paper … shows how to recover an unbiased estimate of discrimination when the correspondence study includes variation in applicant …