I use the 1993 and 2003 National Surveys of College Graduates to examine the higher exit rate of women compared to men … women dissatisfied with pay and promotion opportunities. I find that family-related constraints and dissatisfaction with … other fields once women's relatively high exit rates from male fields generally are taken into account. -- science and …

We investigate women's underrepresentation among holders of commercialized patents: only 5.5% of holders of such … accounted for by women's lower probability of holding any science or engineering degree, because women with such a degree are … scarcely more likely to patent than women without. Differences among those without a science or engineering degree account for …