councils may be construed as largely beneficial. However, any such optimistic evaluation is heavily qualified by union … organization and in particular workplace unionism. Establishment union density seemingly blunts the performance of employee …

We present a simple framework for analyzing decline in union voice in the Anglo-American world and its replacement by … non-union, often direct, forms of worker voice. We argue that it is a decline in the in-flow to unionisation among … employers and workers, rather than an increase in the outflow rate, that accounts for this decline. We show how union decline is …

union to lower wages. This mitigates the positive impact on absence. Moreover, a union may oppose higher sick pay if it … reduces labour supply sufficiently. Better employee health tends to foster wage demands. If the union determines both wages …

part charts the six major pieces of legislation – conventionally described as ?anti-union? – that were enacted by … even if they do imply an increase in union membership and rising costs for business. For evidence of more profound change … one has to turn to the third part of our story: the social policy agenda of the European Union. Almost immediately upon …