This paper examines how productivity effects of human capital and innovation vary at different points of the …-technology manufacturing, average innovation performance is higher in all industries in Germany and the innovation performance distributions … investing in product innovation in the majority of industries. Frontier firms enjoy the highest returns to product innovation …

); innovation returns are modeled as following an ex ante known probability distribution. By assuming that innovation outcomes are …

cost-efficient, long-term improvements, we identify the school system's capacity for knowledge-enhancing innovation as … considering evidence from regular markets that competition and the presence of for-profit actors should spur innovation. Our … analysis suggests that these factors are necessary but not sufficient conditions for innovation, tracing the obstacles to …