outsourcing and the lowest in foreign vertical integration. We find that robot adopters fragment their production further by … probability of adoption intensifies the effects on outsourcing and weakens the effects on vertical integration. In contrast to …

Using microdata, we analyse the determinants of firm relocation and outsourcing decisions and their effects on firms …

This paper concerns public input provision as an instrument for redistribution under international outsourcing by using … the provision of public input goods in response to international outsourcing, and (ii) whether international outsourcing … justifies policy cooperation. If the public input good is substitutable for (complementary with) outsourcing in terms of the …

abroad, and where outsourcing is substitutable for domestic low-ability labor. Our results show that the incentives for the … unemployment also constitutes an incentive to implement a tax on outsourcing. Without a direct instrument for taxing outsourcing …, the government may reduce the amount of resources spent on outsourcing by increased provision of the public input good …