, particularly of university scientists, is positively related to innovation; (vi) there are many university spin-offs but these are …

), allows for causal interpretation of the relationship between innovation output and labor productivity. We find that knowledge … intensive services benefit from innovation activities in the sense that these activities causally increase their labor …

; innovation ; social network …

1999-2004 and measure innovation performance by the (value-adjusted) number of patent applications at the European Patent … firms as well as immobile workers on the innovation performance of their employer. Our main result is that mobile university … scientists contribute substantially more to innovation than R&D workers hired from other firms who, in turn, contribute slightly …

Scientific knowledge is an important ingredient in the innovation process. Drawing on the knowledge-based view of the … graduates' contributions to innovation. …