household-level wage innovations. We draw our inference from household panel data sets for the US, the UK, and Germany. First …, but with increments being smaller in the European data. Third, we find that wage risk is procyclical in Germany while it …

comparable enterprise level data from France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Exporters are more productive and pay higher wages … significantly smaller in Germany, significantly larger in France, and does not differ significantly in the UK. The results for wages …