This paper analyzes the occupational status and distribution of free women in the antebellum United States. It … among women by nativity, urbanization, and region of the country. While foreign-born and illiterate women were more likely … greater the slave-intensity of the county, the less likely were free women to report having an occupation, particularly as …

Estimated labor force participation rates among free women in the pre-Civil War period were exceedingly low. This is … due, in part, to cultural or societal expectations of the role of women and the lack of thorough enumeration by Census … takers. This paper develops an augmented labor force participation rate for free women in 1860 and compares it with the …

Rates of labor force participation in the US in the second half of the nineteenth century among free women were … exceedingly (and implausibly) low, about 11 percent. This is due, in part, to social perceptions of working women, cultural and … an augmented free female labor force participation rate for 1860. It is calculated by identifying free women (age 16 and …

labor market performance of immigrants across gender related to duration in the destination, schooling, age at immigration … of around 40% at the time of arrival in the pooled sample, although the difference is somewhat smaller for women. Those … those in Sweden, Denmark, Luxembourg or Spain the worst, particularly among non-EU born migrants. Gender differences are …

increased in number in the post-war period up to early 1970s, and declined thereafter. Among DJN women, however, annual PhD … production increased throughout the period. The ratio of DJN to all PhDs declined throughout the period for both men and women …, while among women the DJN share increased until about 1979, and then declined. These data are consisted with the hypothesis …