Scholars have been examining the relationship between fertility and unemployment for more than a century. Most studies … find that fertility falls with unemployment in the short run, but it is not known whether these negative effects persist … period 1975 to 2010, we analyze both the short and long-run effects of unemployment on fertility. We follow fixed cohorts of …

to August 2022 to examine the childbearing response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although fertility rates declined in 2020 … reversal in declining U.S. fertility rates since 2007 and was most pronounced for first births and women under age 25, which …

affecting different segments of the population. We show that the differential timing of smoking reductions among the rich and …