a dynamic treatment approach to estimate the effect of having the first child now versus later on future employment for … very strong negative employment effects after childbirth. Although the employment loss is reduced over the first five years … following childbirth, it does not level off to zero. The employment loss is lower for mothers with a university degree. It is …

.S. Employment trends in both countries are consistent with polarization since the 1990s. We conclude that although there is evidence …

the USA. The first step of the analysis shows how far countries differ regarding immigrants' educational disadvantage. In …

, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and USA. Results indicate that for almost all countries immigrants …