the probability of being chronically absent by about three percentage points (21%). For black students, random assignment … students' attendance habits. …

to three times larger among fourth and fifth graders in North Carolina than among kindergarten and first-grade students … both low-income students and English language learners, particularly for reading achievement. Also, in North Carolina …

previously-estimated average effects to predict benefits. Moreover, it suggests that interventions that target all students would …

grading standards on student outcomes are relatively understudied. Using administrative data that links individual students … characteristics and levels of ability, students' relative rank within the classroom, and school context. High teacher grading …