income for example), many of the pathways through which these outcomes are transmitted are not as well understood. We address … and unique dataset of university students. While large socio-economic differences in academic performance exist at the … differences across socio-economic backgrounds in university grade attainment for female students is explained by intermediating …

leaving (at age 16) may be due to variations in permanent income, parental education levels, and shocks to income at this age … effects on sons than daughters. We find that the education effects remain significant even when household income is included …. Moreover, decomposing the income when the child is 16 between a permanent component and shocks to income at age 16 only the …

We study the role of non-cognitive skills in academic performance of students who are the first in their family to … survey with students' administrative entry and performance records. First-in-family students have lower grade point averages … Conscientiousness over-compensate for the performance penalty experienced by first-in-family students, while very low levels exacerbate …