Portugal. Female managers can protect and mentor female employees by paying them higher wages than male-led firms would do. We …

); innovation returns are modeled as following an ex ante known probability distribution. By assuming that innovation outcomes are …

cost-efficient, long-term improvements, we identify the school system's capacity for knowledge-enhancing innovation as … considering evidence from regular markets that competition and the presence of for-profit actors should spur innovation. Our … analysis suggests that these factors are necessary but not sufficient conditions for innovation, tracing the obstacles to …