responses to education and find evidence for substantial heterogeneity in unobserved variables on which agents make choices. The … estimated treatment effects of education are decomposed into the direct benefits of attaining a given level of schooling and … estimated treatment effects. While the estimated causal effects of education are substantial for most outcomes, we also estimate …

Formal education is widely thought to be a major determinant of individual earnings. This paper uses the American … Community Survey to examine the effect of formal schooling on worker wages. Given the potential endogeneity of education …

This paper estimates returns to education using a dynamic model of educational choice that synthesizes approaches in … differentials. For some, there are substantial causal effects of education at all stages of schooling. …

Formal education is correlated with entrepreneurial activity and success, but correlation does not indicate causation …. Education and entrepreneurship are both influenced by other related factors. The current study estimates causal effects of … formal education on entrepreneurship outcomes by instrumenting for an individual's years of schooling using cohort mean years …

pandemic recession encouraged more young people to complete high school. The pandemic created extensive problems in education …