induced by changes in wind across years, I show that higher levels of pollution lead to decreased agricultural productivity …, with large changes in productivity being common. The negative effects of pollution are larger in areas growing more labor …-intensive crops, indicating that the pollution works at least partly through direct effects on labor productivity. Finally, combining …

A consistent finding in the development literature is that average non-farm labor productivity is higher than average … farm labor productivity. These differences in average productivity are sometimes used to promote policies which advance the … non-farm sector. In this paper, we analyze the importance of two specification choices when comparing productivity gaps …