argue that low-achieving students may be particularly affected by the lack of educator support during school closures. We … collect detailed time-use information on students before and during the school closures in a survey of 1,099 parents in … Germany. We find that while students on average reduced their daily learning time of 7.4 hours by about half, the reduction …

addressing unobserved residence-country features, we find similar results when assigning migrant students their country …

institutional arrangements on student performance. In a simple principal-agent framework, students choose their learning effort to …