. Economic theory suggests that the impact of exchange rates should vary with the degree of exposure to international competition … and with the technology level. This paper contributes by bringing together these two views, both theoretically and … empirically. We show that both the degree of openness and the technology level mediate the impact of exchange rate movements on …

call technology shifters (economic factors). We use several composite technology indices based on appropriate combinations … of the external economic factors which are indicators of different aspects of technology. These technology indices are … specific external economic factors. Furthermore, the technology shifters allow for non-neutral and biased shifts in TC. We also …

the traditional production model where technology is represented by a time trend. TFP growth is decomposed into … unobservable technical change, scale economies and observable technology shifter index components. The empirical results are based … exogenous growth factors are used in modeling four technology shifter indices to explore development infrastructure, finances …

institutions. When new technologies emerge, uncertainty results from a lack of understanding how the technology will fit with … may generate an ideological backlash that puts a higher premium on traditional values. We apply the theory to numerous …

of labor market institutions and government intervention. In particular, technology change is induced by rigid wage …