, especially those in highly qualified positions. Drawing on existing research, we investigate in how far women and men in those … opportunities. Referring conflicting theoretical arguments, we hypothesize that in Germany - as a conservative welfare state - women … that women in highly qualified positions perceive higher WFC than men. This association is explained by women's lower …

This paper investigates if there is state dependence in the gender composition of managers in German establishments. We … analyze whether the number of hired female managers (respectively the share of females within hired managers) depends on the … female manager hires in present leads to more female hired managers in the future. Similarly, the number of male manager …

closes because women's wages rise with the share female managers in the workplace while men's wages fall. Panel and … proposition that women are more likely to be paid equitably when managers have discretion in the way they reward performance and … those managers are women. These findings suggest a stronger presence of women in managerial positions can help tackle the …

1985 amendments to the Labor Standards Law (LSL) in Japan as a natural experiment. The original LSL of 1947 prohibited … women from working overtime exceeding two hours a day; six hours a week; and 150 hours a year. The 1985 amendments exempted … a variety of occupations and industries from such overtime restriction on women. We first define "jobs" using an …

In speedboat racing in Japan, women racers participate and compete in races under the same conditions as men, and all …-dominated circumstances affect women's racing performance. We control for individual fixed-effects plus a host of other factors affecting … performance (such as starting lane, fitness and weather conditions). Our estimates reveal that women's race-time is slower in …

sex ratio in World War II contributed to a lower decline in fertility and child mortality rates in postwar Japan. In …

Every year, a large number of women immigrate as brides from developing countries to developed countries in East Asia … importation": the rapid growth of women's educational attainment and a cultural norm that leads to a low net surplus of marriage … for educated women. We provide empirical evidence supporting our theoretical model and its implications, using datasets …

Using individual-level data from the National Family Research of Japan Survey (1999, 2004 and 2009) and exploiting … associated with an increase in Japanese women's decision to work by 0.016 percentage points, the equivalent of an increase of 3 ….4% standard deviation. Our measure of non-traditional gender norms is the share of women who disagree with the statement "men …

Female physicians remain underrepresented in surgical specialties in Japan. The 2004 New Postgraduate Medical Education …