measures of salary discrimination that adjust for measured productivity may be flawed. We derive the magnitude of the bias …

wage gap: occupational sorting, human capital differences, and discrimination. We find lesbian women earn more than their … discrimination and occupational sorting play a minimal role at best. Wage penalties, on the other hand, are largely explained by … discrimination. Interestingly, while we do find there are some differences in the relative roles of our three alternative …

Audit studies testing for discrimination have been criticized because applicants from different groups may not appear … unobservable determinants of productivity can still generate spurious evidence of discrimination in either direction. This paper … shows how to recover an unbiased estimate of discrimination when the correspondence study includes variation in applicant …

. -- beauty ; height ; discrimination ; market responses …

. -- economics of gender and minorities ; customer discrimination ; product …