Montesquieu in his L'Esprit des Lois, argued, peace is the natural effect of trade.ʺ This paper first reviews this literature and …

detailed PEACE II accounts. Noting potential selection and omitted variables biases, we implement two-stage random effects …

perception of economic well-being, possibly influenced by such tactics, predicts war and peace onset. Using unique data … war onset during periods of rebel recruitment, and with earlier peace onset in general. These results hold regardless of … suggest that civilian perception of well-being ought to be considered seriously as a determinant of war and peace. …

conflict and makes the ideologues more successful yet worse off. Our results rationalize "imperial peace" - long periods of … stability and social peace in multi-ethnic empires, and explain why the weakening and breakdown of such empires is often …