We estimate calories available to workers' households in the USA, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany in 1890/1. We … estimate that households in the USA, on average, had about five hundred daily calories per equivalent adult more than their … French and German counterparts, with Belgian and British workers closer to the USA levels. We ask if that energy bonus gave …

This paper examines the relationship between measures of income poverty, undernourishment, childhood undernutrition … that measurement issues related to the way undernourishment and childhood undernutrition is measured might play a … measures of deprivation, the measures generate some inter-regional paradoxes. Income poverty and child mortality is highest in …

Famine on the likelihood of being in energy poverty in adulthood. We find that a one unit increase in the intensity of the … probability of being in energy poverty in adulthood, depending on the exact specification and measure of energy poverty. We find … to be in energy poverty later in life. These findings are robust to alternative ways of measuring childhood adversity and …

poverty. Many households above the poverty line are food insecure; many below are not. We investigate a lack of financial …

Various challenges are thought to render female-headed households (FHHs) vulnerable to poverty in the Arab region. Yet … data hinders analysis of poverty dynamics. We address these challenges by proposing a novel typology of FHHs and analyze …, Iraq, Jordan, Mauritania, Palestine, and Tunisia. We find that the definition of FHHs matters for measuring poverty levels …