ticketing officers, male motorists, those driving old vehicles, and minority neighborhoods. -- Police discretion ; disparate …

between policing and arrests. During shift changes a peculiar redeployment of police patrols belonging to separate police … that criminals exploit these dips in police performance. A back of the envelope calculation suggests that incapacitation …

wages in the legal labor market). Public security policies are defined as pairs of a size of the police force and an average … length of sentences. We propose an original micro-founded police production function linking the level of police expenditures …

An influential literature has used the aftermath of terrorist attacks to estimate large effects of police street … circumstances. This paper exploits a natural experiment that aimed to increase police presence in more than 6,000 well-defined areas … by police officers, we first document exogenous and discontinuous changes in patrolling intensity. We do not find that …

prefer fighting certain type of crimes more intensely, rather than increasing police efficiency overall. Lastly, our results … show that the post-reform benefits we observe dissolve when the management of local police has to be coordinated among …