In this paper we present and test a theory of how political corruption, found in many transition and emerging market … institutions that do not punish political corruption result in political connectedness of firms that in turn has a negative effect …

, business regulations, corruption, and to a lesser extent, infrastructure bottlenecks in explaining patterns of job creation at … growth of all firms, particularly micro and small firms. On the other hand, corruption and poor access to infrastructure … into the ranks of the SMEs. -- Employment growth ; investment climate ; corruption ; regulatory framework ; finance …

studied feature of corruption, namely bribe unavoidability. Second, we argue that the social costs of corruption arise not …Conventional wisdom depicts corruption as a tax on incumbent firms. This paper challenges this view in two ways. First …, by arguing that corruption matters not so much because of the value of the bribe ("tax"), but because of another less …

NDC reform in China. -- legacy costs ; pension reform ; NDC ; coverage expansion …The paper provides a framework for the conceptualization, definition and estimation of legacy costs that need to be …

those without. Using the recent anti-corruption campaign in China as a quasi-experiment, we investigate how endeavors for … counter-corruption affect inequality and potential cronyism in bureaucratic employment through inter-generational transmission … the campaign came into effect in different provincial administrative divisions of mainland China, between individuals with …