The existing empirical evidence on the relationship between apprenticeships, initial workplace training and economic downturns, is relatively scarce. The bottom line of this literature is that ratio of apprentices to employees tends to be (mildly) pro-cyclical and to decline during a recession,...

Previous studies have found mixed evidence regarding the effects of the minimum wage on training levels. This paper exploits a discontinuity in the minimum wage received by apprentices in the United Kingdom to examine this question. Workers aged 19-20 receive a substantial increase in the...

This paper studies the relationship between early mental health episodes and early homelessness, focusing on depression and anxiety amongst disadvantaged Australians. Using data from the Australian Journeys Home survey, we investigate whether the early onset of mental health conditions make a...