Do environmental conditions pose greater health risks to individuals living in urban or rural areas? The answer is … theoretically ambiguous: while urban areas have traditionally been associated with heightened exposure to environmental pollutants …, the economies of scale and density inherent to urban environments offer unique opportunities for mitigating or adapting to …

In urban China, gender gaps in employment and earnings have steadily increased since the 1990s. Such gender gaps are … demonstrates, despite the rise in gender differences in the urban labor market, the average gender pension gap decreased between … 1988 and 2018. In the paper, we describe the evolution of the fragmented pension system in urban China using a quantitative …

community tells an incomplete story of how the pandemic evolved in a congested urban setting. …