seizures, random mandatory drug test results, various measures of harm, violence, and causes of death. I first document a large … increase in NPS availability and an alarming correlation with the steep rise in harm and violence behind bars. I then evaluate … NPS. The analysis exploits cross-prison variation in the initial size of the drug market and shows high-intensity NPS …

increase in the Australian prison population does not seem to be due to crime rates, which have mostly declined over the past … appear to be the main drivers of Australia's growing prison population. …

Does early release decrease or increase the probability that ex-convicts will return to prison? We exploit unique data … in instrumental variable estimations and find that early releases reduce the propensity of prisoners to return to prison …

significant part of criminal peer exposure happens in prison, directly influenced by policymakers. This paper provides a broader … understanding of how peer effects shape criminal behavior among prison inmates, focusing on co-inmate impacts on recidivism and … criminal network formation. Using Norwegian register data on over 140,000 prison spells, we causally identify peer effects …

a unique natural experiment: the 2004 expiration of the U.S. Federal Assault Weapons Ban exerted a spillover on gun …-crime relationship. -- gun control ; violence ; informal employment ; cross-border spillover ; cartels …