The income gradient in political participation is a widely accepted stylized fact. This article asks how income effects …

their experience of how citizenship works; for whom it works; and what rules and policies matter for integration. The … eligibility rules, take-up and integration outcomes. Across countries and reforms, the evidence shows that faster access to … citizenship increases take-up and improves the economic, educational, political and social integration of immigrants. Other …

(in a wide sense). This may be explained in terms of increasing financial obstacles to social participation. -- life … satisfaction ; relative income ; value function ; loss aversion ; social participation …