elections result in pre-election manipulation of the local finances of moderate size. Before both types of elections, we observe …

public elementary education we provide evidence that in 2008 local election, just some months after the publication of the … 2005 to 2007 increased by around 5 percentage points the probability of re-election. This effect is even greater in … ; mayoral re-election races …

Germany's fiscal equalization scheme triggered by Census revisions of official population counts. Municipal budgets do not …

empirically show the presence of policy diffusion using neighbors' election cycles as instruments for neighbors' policy adoption …. Second, we further demonstrate interactions of municipalities' election cycles with neighbors' adoption and show that they … follow neighbors' policy only during their own election timing, indicating that policy diffuses through elections. …

We exploit a discontinuity in Brazilian municipal election rules to investigate whether political competition has a … vote. In municipalities with more than 200,000 voters a runoff election takes place among the top two candidates if neither …