the pandemic, but surprisingly little is known on whether these shutdowns turned into permanent closures and whether small … businesses were disproportionately hit. This paper provides the first analysis of permanent business closures using confidential … Fee Administration. We find large increases in closures rates in the first two quarters of 2020, but a strong reversal of …

quality of these data. This paper investigates whether the secondary childcare questions in the ATUS are measuring the stated … construct alternative estimates that exclude time spent in secondary childcare that is inconsistent with other data collected … during the interview and find that the ATUS measure overestimates secondary childcare by at most 5 percent or about 16 …

What would be the aggregate effects of adopting a more generous and universal childcare subsidy program in the U.S.? We … largest at the bottom of the skill distribution. Fully subsidized childcare available to all households leads to long … households in fertility and childcare expenditures. …

, we analyze the relationship between commuting time, and the time devoted to home production and childcare. To deal with … effect for men, while childcare time has an effect on women's commuting time behavior only. Our results explain why prior …