the quantile treatment effects for Niger, Togo and Mali, based on very informative data, comparable across these countries … same time, we also observe clear differences between the countries. We find that, overall, effects are positive in Mali … contract teacher programme in the three countries. In Mali and, to some extent, in Togo, the contract teacher system works more …

assess an intervention that provides information and behavioral incentives to encourage villagers in rural Mali to build and …

; labor market behavior ; transition ; state dependence …

each other, set off a race between their autochthonous state-building projects, which determines their extent and … developed into independent states, as agriculture provided the fertile ground for state-formation, while isolation provided time … reproducing a mega-state in the area that became China and on the determinants of its borders with other states. …