likelihood of future criminal justice involvement fell, with no apparent increase in local crime rates. …

We evaluate whether California's state proposition 47 impacted state violent and property crime rates. Passed by the …-level crime rates that exploit heterogeneity in the effects of the proposition on local criminal justice practices. We find little … evidence of an impact on violent crime rates in the state. Once changes in offense definitions and reporting practices in key …

The trade-off between the immediate returns from committing a crime and the future costs of punishment depends on an … heterogeneity based on age, education, crime type, and nationality. Our estimates imply that the majority of deterrence is derived …

, arrest increases the probability an offender is charged with a crime. Our findings argue against recent calls for a …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when …

The empirical literature testing the economic theory of crime has extensively studied the relative importance of the … probability and the severity of punishment with reference to planned criminal activities. There are, however, also unplanned …

local crime rates. We assess the effects of a recent reform in California that caused a sharp and permanent reduction in the … violent crime and evidence of modest effects on property crime, auto theft in particular. These effects are considerably … considerably lower. We corroborate theses cross-county results with a synthetic-cohort analysis of state crime rates in California …