development until countries reach upper-middle income, and only thereafter falls. This note quantifies the shape of the mobility …

World Bank projects and generally find that projects that are potentially politically motivated – such as those granted to … governments holding a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council or an Executive Directorship at the World Bank … Council members with higher short-term debt, however, a negative quality rating is more likely. So we find evidence that World …

external debt liabilities and TFP growth is attenuated in economies with higher levels of financial development and better …

-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and on the period up to WWII. Works on Judaism address Jewish occupational specialization … economic consequences in present-day Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Much of the economics of Islam focuses on the role that … Islam and Islamic institutions played in political-economy outcomes and in the "long divergence" between the Middle East and …

-2018, we show that the causal relationship between political and economic development is U-shaped: "intermediate" political …

development model, based on high MNC penetration. -- International relations and international political economy ; economic … development ; technological change ; growth …