follow neighbors' policy only during their own election timing, indicating that policy diffuses through elections. … elections in policy diffusion in settings where municipal elections are asynchronous due to historical reasons. First, we … empirically show the presence of policy diffusion using neighbors' election cycles as instruments for neighbors' policy adoption …

Italian municipal elections held from 1993 to 2011. We firstly estimate a municipal fixed effects model and show that an …

public elementary education we provide evidence that in 2008 local election, just some months after the publication of the … 2005 to 2007 increased by around 5 percentage points the probability of re-election. This effect is even greater in … ; mayoral re-election races …

predictions using data on Italian municipal elections over the 2009-2019 period and focusing on the electoral outcomes of the Five …

elections. Our results strongly support our theoretical model and indicate that immigrants' political and economic integration …

Using thirty years of municipal elections in France, we show that election results affect the share of immigrants … in the population grows faster by 1.5 p.p. within six years after the elections, and by 3 p.p. within twelve years. To a …

positions of political power. We exploit evidence from Italian local elections where, in a context of rapidly increasing women …

in open-list local council elections (1997-2021) in the German state of Hesse. We exploit the March 2021 election one …

elections result in pre-election manipulation of the local finances of moderate size. Before both types of elections, we observe … the idiosyncratic timing of state and local elections, the budgetary changes before elections at two tiers of the … a halt in the increase of local tax rates. By contrast, elections at the two tiers of the government affect the size of …

agricultural tenancy contracts to villagers-cum-voters as an incumbent re-election strategy. Based on a household survey fielded in … percentage points as the time of the next election becomes closer by one year, and sharecropping is preferred to a fixed …-rental contract as the election approaches. The empirical results are statistically significant and remain largely unchanged against a …